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D Although it was believed that human settlement of the American West would cause the total number of deer to decrease permanently, the opposite has actually occurred for certain types of deer. E In the long term, black-tailed deer in the Puget Sound area have benefitted from human activities through...35 People say that an avalanche ____ by loud noises in the area but I don't know if that's true. 42 I really wish people ____ dump litter in front of our house. We have to clear it up every day.Furthermore, the ban on slavery in the Northwest tacitly legitimated the expansion of slavery in the Southwest. His proposals won considerable support in the North, where racial prejudice was on the rise, but such schemes found When the last remaining Founders died in the 1830s, they left behind...Their hopes for the future gave the immigrants courage to face the long and difficult sea voyage. Early sailing ships took months to cross the Atlantic Ocean. The living space was very cramped, and often there wasn't enough food or water. Stormy seas made shipboard life even more miserable.More than 162,000 prisoners were transported over the next eighty years. Life in ___ new colony was extremely hard for ___ convicts but they were not usually put in prison. Instead, they built towns and worked on ___ farms to feed ___ new nation.

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In the 1830s, more migrants arrived in Australia from Britain looking for a new life. a. Why the British settled in Australia. b. Growth of the white population. c. Development of the States of the After the European settlement in Australia in 1788, almost 5 million people from 200 different countries...When I was working in India, I always used to wonder why people returning from onsite always brag about foreign countries. Few people will behave like they were born and brought up in the developed countries.Jamestown, settled in 1607, was the first lasting British colony in North America; after it became a crown colony, expansion continued rapidly. The 13 colonies were the group of colonies that rebelled against Great Britain, fought in the Revolutionary War, and founded the United States of America.The painting had been on loan from a museum in the northern city of Groningen and the building was closed because of coronavirus measures at the time. A spokeswoman for the Singer museum said she hoped the arrest would lead to the Van Gogh painting so people could once again enjoy it.

The Founding Fathers and Slavery | Britannica

Liberia (/laɪˈbɪəriə/ (listen)), officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to its northwest, Guinea to its north, Côte d'Ivoire to its east...Australia was not settled by people who wanted to go. The British shipped convicts there with not much more than the clothes on their backs. Rabbits were introduced into New Zealand for the "sport" of hunting, in the 1830s. They were also introduced as an extra food source for the English settlers.The settlement took only a quiet afternoon and an evening in front of a glowing open fire, for Harry Bellamy had everything she wanted; and These were just men, unimportant evidently or they wouldn't have been 'unknown'; but they died for the most beautiful thing in the world—the dead South.Hill quickly settled on "a bit of paper covered at the back with a glutinous wash which the user might, by applying a 27. Letter writers in the 1830s A were not responsible for the cost of delivery. You then had to nd a post ofce - there were no pillar boxes - and hope your addressee didn't live in one of the...In 1830, Jackson had signed the Indian Removal Act, but then ignored its tenets when he forced thousands of Choctaw to journey to Indian Territory on foot in what became The Democratic Party is one of the two major political parties in the United States, and the nation's oldest existing political party.

Jump to navigation Jump to seek This article is about the nation in Africa. For different uses, see Liberia (disambiguation).

Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-decshow:inline.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punctdisplay:none.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitudewhite-space:nowrap6°30′N 9°30′W / 6.500°N 9.500°W

Republic of Liberia Flag Coat of hands Motto: "The Love of Liberty Brought Us Here"Anthem: All Hail, Liberia, Hail!Location of Liberia (dark green)Capitaland biggest townMonrovia6°19′N 10°48′W / 6.317°N 10.800°WOfficial languagesEnglishSpoken and nationwide languages[1]Liberian EnglishEthnic teams (2008[2])20.3% Kpelle13.4% Bassa10% Grebo8% Gio7.9% Mano6% Kru5.1% Lorma4.8% Kissi4.4% Gola4% Krahn4% Vai3.2% Mandinka3% Gbandi1.3% Mende1.2% Sapo0.8% Belle0.3% Dey0.6% different Liberian1.4% different African0.1% non-AfricanReligion 83.1% Christianity14.7% Islam2.1% others[2]Demonym(s)LiberianGovernmentUnitary presidential constitutional republic• President George Weah• Vice President Jewel Taylor• Speaker of the House Bhofal Chambers• Chief Justice Francis KorkporLegislatureLegislature of Liberia• Upper houseSenate• Lower spaceHouse of RepresentativesFormation and Independence from American Colonization Society• Settlement by the American Colonization Society January 7, 1822• Liberian Declaration of Independence July 26, 1847• Annexation of Republic of Maryland March 18, 1857• Recognition by way of the United States February 5, 1862• Admitted to the United Nations November 2, 1945• Current constitution January 6, 1986Area • Total111,369 km2 (43,000 sq mi) (102nd)• Water (%)13.514Population• 2015 estimate5,073,296[2] (126th)• 2008 census3,476,608• Density40.43/km2 (104.7/sq mi) (a hundred and eightieth)GDP (PPP)2019 estimate• Total.468 billion• Per capita1,413[3]GDP (nominal)2019 estimate• Total .221 billion• Per capita4[3]Gini (2016)35.3[4]mediumHDI (2019) 0.480[5]low · 175thCurrencyLiberian dollar (LRD)Time zoneUTC (GMT)Driving siderightCalling code+231ISO 3166 codeLRInternet TLD.lr

Liberia (/laɪˈbɪəriə/ (concentrate)), officially the Republic of Liberia, is a rustic on the West African coast. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to its northwest, Guinea to its north, Côte d'Ivoire to its east, and the Atlantic Ocean to its south-southwest. It has a inhabitants of around Five million and covers an area of 111,369 sq. kilometers (43,000 sq mi). English is the legit language, but over 20 indigenous languages are spoken, representing the a lot of ethnic groups who make up greater than 95% of the population. The country's capital and largest city is Monrovia.

Liberia started as a agreement of the American Colonization Society (ACS), who believed black people would face better chances for freedom and prosperity in Africa than in the United States.[6] The nation declared its independence on July 26, 1847. The U.S. didn't acknowledge Liberia's independence till February 5, 1862, all through the American Civil War. Between January 7, 1822, and the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, greater than 15,000 freed and free-born people of colour who confronted social and felony oppression in the United States, as well as 3,198 Afro-Caribbeans, relocated to the settlement.[7] The settlers carried their culture and custom with them. The Liberian constitution and flag have been modeled after the ones of the U.S. On January 3, 1848, Joseph Jenkins Roberts, a wealthy, free-born African American from Virginia who settled in Liberia, used to be elected Liberia's first president after the people proclaimed independence.[7]

Liberia used to be the first African republic to proclaim its independence, and is Africa's first and oldest trendy republic. It retained its independence all through the Scramble for Africa. During World War II, Liberia supported the United States struggle effort against Germany and in turn, the U.S. invested in substantial infrastructure in Liberia to lend a hand its struggle effort, which additionally aided the country in modernizing and improving its main air transportation amenities. In addition, President William Tubman encouraged financial adjustments. Internationally, Liberia was once a founding member of the League of Nations, United Nations, and the Organisation of African Unity.

The Americo-Liberian settlers didn't relate properly to the indigenous peoples they encountered, particularly the ones in communities of the more remoted "bush". The colonial settlements were raided through the Kru and Grebo from their inland chiefdoms. Americo-Liberians developed as a small elite that hung on to political power,[8] and indigenous tribesmen had been excluded from birthright citizenship in their own land till 1904.[9] Americo-Liberians promoted spiritual organizations to arrange missions and faculties to educate the indigenous peoples.[8]

In 1980, political tensions from the rule of William R. Tolbert resulted in an army coup all through which Tolbert was once killed, marking the end of Americo-Liberian rule in the country and beginning of years-long political instability. Five years of military rule via the People's Redemption Council and five years of civilian rule by way of the National Democratic Party of Liberia were adopted by means of the First and Second Liberian Civil Wars. These resulted in the deaths of 250,000 people (about 8% of the population) and the displacement of many more, and shrank Liberia's financial system by means of 90%.[10] A peace settlement in 2003 led to democratic elections in 2005, in which Ellen Johnson Sirleaf was elected president, making history as the first female president in the continent. National infrastructure and elementary social services were severely affected by the conflicts as well as by way of the 2013–2016 outbreak of Ebola virus, with 83% of the inhabitants living beneath the international poverty line as of 2015.[11]

History

Main article: History of Liberia

Undated Acheulean artifacts are abundant throughout West Africa, attesting to the presence of ancient people. The emerging chronometric document of the Middle Stone Age (MSA) signifies that core and flake applied sciences were provide in West Africa since no less than the Middle Pleistocene (~780-126 thousand years ago or ka), and that they continued until the Terminal Pleistocene/Holocene boundary (~12ka)—the youngest examples of such era any place in Africa. The presence of MSA populations in forests stays an open query, then again technological variations would possibly correlate with more than a few ecological zones. Later Stone Age (LSA) populations proof important technological diversification, including both microlithic and macrolithic traditions.[12]

The presence of Oldowan Earlier Stone Age (ESA) artefacts in West Africa has been confirmed by way of Michael Omolewa.[13]Acheulean ESA artefacts are properly documented across West Africa. None are currently dated. There are few dated Middle Stone Age (MSA) websites; they range from the Middle Pleistocene in northern, open Sahelian zones to the Late Pleistocene in both northern and southern zones of West Africa. The document shows that aceramic and ceramic Later Stone Age (LSA) assemblages in West Africa are found to overlap chronologically, and that changing densities of microlithic industries from the coast to the north are geographically structured. These options may constitute social networks or some type of cultural diffusion allied to converting ecological stipulations.[12]

Microlithic industries with ceramics was not unusual by way of the Mid-Holocene, coupled with an apparent intensification of untamed meals exploitation. Between ~4–3.5ka, those societies gradually transformed into meals manufacturers, most likely through touch with northern pastoralists and agriculturalists, as the atmosphere changed into extra arid. However, hunter-gatherers have survived in the extra forested parts of West Africa till much later, attesting to the strength of ecological boundaries in this area.[12]

A European map of West Africa and the Grain Coast, 1736. It has the archaic mapping designation of Negroland.

The Pepper Coast, often referred to as the Grain Coast, has been inhabited through indigenous peoples of Africa no less than way back to the twelfth century. Mande-speaking people expanded westward from the Sudan, forcing many smaller ethnic teams southward toward the Atlantic Ocean. The Dei, Bassa, Kru, Gola, and Kissi had been some of the earliest documented peoples in the area.[14]

This influx of these teams was compounded by the decline of the Western Sudanic Mali Empire in 1375 and the Songhai Empire in 1591. As inland regions underwent desertification, inhabitants moved to the wetter coast. These new population introduced skills corresponding to cotton spinning, material weaving, iron smelting, rice and sorghum cultivation, and social and political establishments from the Mali and Songhai empires.[14] Shortly after the Mane conquered the area, the Vai people of the former Mali Empire immigrated into the Grand Cape Mount County area. The ethnic Kru hostile the influx of Vai, forming an alliance with the Mane to forestall additional inflow of Vai.[15]

People along the coast constructed canoes and traded with other West Africans from Cap-Vert to the Gold Coast. Arab traders entered the region from the north, and a original slave trade took captives to north and east Africa.

Early colonization

Between 1461 and the overdue seventeenth century, Portuguese, Dutch, and British traders had contacts and trading posts in the area. The Portuguese named the space Costa da Pimenta ("Pepper Coast") however it later got here to be referred to as the Grain Coast, due to the abundance of melegueta pepper grains. European buyers would barter commodities and items with native people.

In the United States there was a motion to settle unfastened people of colour, both free-born and formerly enslaved, in Africa. This was as a result of they faced racial discrimination in the type of political disenfranchisement and the denial of civil, non secular, and social rights.[16] Formed in 1816, the American Colonization Society (ACS) was once made up mostly of Quakers and slaveholders. Quakers believed blacks would face higher chances for freedom in Africa than in the U.S.[6][17] While slaveholders opposed freedom for enslaved people, they viewed "repatriation" of unfastened people of colour as some way to keep away from slave rebellions.[6]

In 1822, the American Colonization Society started sending unfastened people of color to the Pepper Coast voluntarily to determine a colony. Although mortality from tropical illnesses was horrendous — of the 4,571 emigrants who arrived in Liberia between 1820 and 1843, only 1,819 were alive in 1843[18][19] — via 1867 the ACS (and state-related chapters) had assisted in the migration of greater than 13,000 people of colour from the United States and the Caribbean to Liberia.[20] These loose African Americans and their descendants married inside their community and got here to determine as Americo-Liberians. Many were of combined race and knowledgeable in American tradition; they didn't identify with the indigenous natives of the tribes they encountered. They intermarried in large part inside of the colonial neighborhood, growing an ethnic workforce that had a cultural tradition infused with American notions of political republicanism and Protestant Christianity.[21]

Map of Liberia Colony in the 1830s, created by way of the ACS, and in addition appearing Mississippi Colony and other state-sponsored colonies.

The ACS, supported through prominent American politicians comparable to Abraham Lincoln, Henry Clay, and James Monroe, believed "repatriation" was once preferable to having emancipated slaves remain in the United States.[17] Similar state-based organizations established colonies in Mississippi-in-Africa, Kentucky in Africa, and the Republic of Maryland, which Liberia later annexed. However, Lincoln in 1862 described Liberia as best "in a certain sense...a success", and proposed instead that loose people of colour be assisted to emigrate to Chiriquí, these days a part of Panama.[22]

The Americo-Liberian settlers didn't relate effectively to the indigenous peoples they encountered, especially those in communities of the more remoted "bush". They knew not anything of their cultures, languages, or animist faith, and were not in studying. The colonial settlements were raided by the Kru and Grebo from their inland chiefdoms. Encounters with tribal Africans in the bush frequently was violent confrontations.

In Slaves to Racism: An Unbroken Chain from America to Liberia, Benjamin Dennis and Anita Dennis argue that the Americo-Liberians replicated the handiest society maximum of them knew: the racist tradition of the American South. Believing themselves different from and culturally and educationally superior to the indigenous peoples, the Americo-Liberians advanced as an elite minority that held on to political power. They handled the natives the means American whites had treated them: as inferiors. The natives may no longer vote and may just no longer speak unless spoken to. Just as people of color were prohibited from marrying white people in maximum of the United States, the indigenous Africans may not via legislation marry Americo-Liberians. Even when some indigenous Africans was educated in Western tactics, they were widely excluded from government positions.[23] Indigenous tribesmen didn't experience birthright citizenship in their very own land until 1904.[9] Americo-Liberians inspired religious organizations to arrange missions and faculties to train the indigenous peoples.

Government Residence of Joseph Jenkins Roberts, first President of Liberia, between 1848 and 1852.

On July 26, 1847, the settlers issued a Declaration of Independence and promulgated a constitution. Based on the political ideas of the United States Constitution, it established the independent Republic of Liberia.[24][25] The United Kingdom was the first nation to acknowledge Liberia's independence.[26] The United States did not acknowledge Liberia until 1862, after the Southern states, who had a lot of energy in the American government, seceded from the union to variety the Confederacy.[27][28][29]

The management of the new country consisted in large part of the Americo-Liberians, who to start with established political and financial dominance in the coastal areas that the ACS had purchased; they maintained members of the family with U.S. contacts in developing these spaces and the ensuing industry. Their passage of the 1865 Ports of Entry Act prohibited international commerce with the inland tribes, ostensibly to "encourage the growth of civilized values" before such industry was allowed in the area.[24]

African Americans leave for Liberia, 1896. The ACS despatched its final emigrants to Liberia in 1904.

By 1877, the True Whig Party was the country's most powerful political entity.[30] It was once made up essentially of Americo-Liberians, who maintained social, financial and political dominance nicely into the Twentieth century, repeating patterns of European colonists in different countries in Africa. Competition for place of business used to be most often contained within the birthday celebration; a birthday party nomination nearly ensured election.[30]

Pressure from the United Kingdom, which managed Sierra Leone to the northwest, and France, with its interests in the north and east, led to a loss of Liberia's claims to intensive territories. Both Sierra Leone and the Ivory Coast annexed territories.[31] Liberia struggled to draw in investment to develop infrastructure and a larger, business economic system.

There used to be a decline in manufacturing of Liberian items in the overdue 19th century, and the govt struggled financially, resulting in indebtedness on a series of global loans.[32] On July 16, 1892, Martha Ann Erskine Ricks met Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle and offered her a home made duvet, Liberia's first diplomatic reward. Born into slavery in Tennessee, Ricks stated, "I had heard it often, from the time I was a child, how good the Queen had been to my people—to slaves—and how she wanted us to be free."[26]

Early 20th century Charles D. B. King, seventeenth President of Liberia (1920–1930), together with his entourage on the steps of the Peace Palace, The Hague (the Netherlands), 1927.

American and different global pursuits emphasised useful resource extraction, with rubber manufacturing a major industry in the early Twentieth century.[33] In 1914 Imperial Germany accounted for 3 quarters of the trade of Liberia. This used to be a motive for worry amongst the British colonial authorities of Sierra Leone and the French colonial government of French Guinea and the Ivory Coast as tensions with Germany increased.[34]

First World War Main article: Liberia in World War I

Liberia remained impartial all the way through World War I until August 4, 1917, when it declared battle on Germany. In 1919 Liberia attended the Versailles Peace Conference. Liberia was once considered one of the founding individuals of the League of Nations when it used to be based in January 1920.[35]

Middle 20th century

In 1927, The nation's elections again confirmed the power of the True Whig Party, with electoral complaints which have been known as a few of the maximum rigged ever; the profitable candidate was declared to have gained votes amounting to greater than 15 instances the number of eligible electorate. (The loser in truth received around 60% of the eligible vote.)

Soon after, allegations of modern slavery in Liberia led the League of Nations to identify the Christy commission. Findings included government involvement in standard "Forced or compulsory labour". Minority ethnic teams especially have been exploited in a machine that enriched well-connected elites.[36] As a result of the document, President Charles D. B. King and Vice President Allen N. Yancy resigned.[37]

In the mid-20th century Liberia step by step started to modernize with American help. During World War II the United States made main infrastructure improvements to improve its military efforts in Africa and Europe against Germany. It built the Freeport of Monrovia and Roberts International Airport below the Lend-Lease program before its access into the Second World War.[38]

After the battle President William Tubman encouraged overseas funding in the nation. Liberia had the second-highest charge of economic growth in the world during the 1950s.[38]

Liberia additionally began to take a extra lively function in global affairs. It used to be a founding member of the United Nations in 1945 and become a vocal critic of the South African apartheid regime.[39] Liberia additionally served as a proponent both of African independence from European colonial powers and of Pan-Africanism, and helped to fund the Organisation of African Unity.[40]

A technical in Monrovia all over the Second Liberian Civil War. Late Twentieth-century political instability

On April 12, 1980, a military coup led by way of Master Sergeant Samuel Doe of the Krahn ethnic group overthrew and killed President William R. Tolbert, Jr. Doe and the other plotters later achieved a majority of Tolbert's cabinet and other Americo-Liberian government officers and True Whig Party individuals.[41] The coup leaders formed the People's Redemption Council (PRC) to govern the country.[41] A strategic Cold War ally of the West, Doe won significant financial backing from the United States while critics condemned the PRC for corruption and political repression.[41]

After Liberia followed a new constitution in 1985, Doe was once elected president in subsequent elections that had been internationally condemned as fraudulent.[41] On November 12, 1985, a failed counter-coup was once introduced by means of Thomas Quiwonkpa, whose squaddies briefly occupied the national radio station.[42] Government repression intensified in response, as Doe's troops retaliated by way of executing contributors of the Gio and Mano ethnic groups in Nimba County.[42]

The National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), a rebel team led via Charles Taylor, launched an riot in December 1989 in opposition to Doe's executive with the backing of neighboring international locations akin to Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast. This precipitated the First Liberian Civil War.[43] By September 1990, Doe's forces controlled only a small space simply outside the capital, and Doe was once captured and performed in that month through riot forces.[44]

The rebels quickly split into various factions fighting one some other. The Economic Community Monitoring Group underneath the Economic Community of West African States arranged a military activity pressure to interfere in the disaster.[44] From 1989 to 1997 round 60,000 to 80,000 Liberians died, and through 1996 round 700,000 others had been displaced into refugee camps in neighboring international locations.[45] A peace deal between opponents used to be reached in 1995, main to Taylor's election as president in 1997.[44]

Under Taylor's management, Liberia become across the world known as a pariah state due to its use of blood diamonds and unlawful timber exports to fund the Revolutionary United Front in the Sierra Leone Civil War.[46] The Second Liberian Civil War began in 1999 when Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy, a rise up staff based in the northwest of the country, introduced an armed rebel towards Taylor.[47]

2000s Ebola virus epidemic in Liberia in February 2015

In March 2003, a second rebellion team, Movement for Democracy in Liberia, began launching attacks against Taylor from the southeast.[47] Peace talks between the factions began in Accra in June of that 12 months, and Taylor used to be indicted by means of the Special Court for Sierra Leone for crimes against humanity the identical month.[46] By July 2003, the rebels had introduced an assault on Monrovia.[48] Under heavy force from the world community and the domestic Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace movement,[49] Taylor resigned in August 2003 and went into exile in Nigeria.[50] A peace deal used to be signed later that month.[51]

The United Nations Mission in Liberia began arriving in September 2003 to provide security and monitor the peace accord,[52] and an meantime government took power the following October.[53] The next 2005 elections have been across the world thought to be the most loose and fair in Liberian historical past.[54]Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, a US-educated economist and previous Minister of Finance, was elected as the first female president in Africa.[54] Upon her inauguration, Sirleaf requested the extradition of Taylor from Nigeria and transferred him to the SCSL for trial in The Hague.[55][56]

In 2006, the executive established a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to address the causes and crimes of the civil conflict.[57]

Following the 2017 Liberian basic election, former professional football striker George Weah, one in all the greatest African players of all time,[58][59] was once sworn in as president on 22 January 2018, turning into the 4th youngest serving president in Africa.[60] The inauguration marked Liberia's first absolutely democratic transition in Seventy four years.[61] Weah cited combating corruption, reforming the financial system, fighting illiteracy and bettering lifestyles stipulations as the primary goals of his presidency.[61]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Liberia A map of Liberia Liberia map of Köppen climate classification.

Liberia is positioned in West Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean to the nation's southwest. It lies between latitudes 4° and 9°N, and longitudes 7° and 12°W.

The landscape is characterized through most commonly flat to rolling coastal plains that comprise mangroves and swamps, which rise to a rolling plateau and occasional mountains in the northeast.[62]

Tropical rainforests quilt the hills, while elephant grass and semi-deciduous forests make up the dominant plants in the northern sections.[62] The equatorial local weather, in the south of the country, is scorching year-round with heavy rainfall from May to October with a brief interlude in mid-July to August.[62] During the wintry weather months of November to March, dry dust-laden harmattan winds blow inland, causing many issues for residents.[62]

Liberia's watershed has a tendency to transfer in a southwestern trend towards the sea as new rains move down the forested plateau off the inland mountain vary of Guinée Forestière, in Guinea. Cape Mount near the border with Sierra Leone receives the maximum precipitation in the country.[62]

Liberia's primary northwestern boundary is traversed by means of the Mano River whilst its southeast limits are bounded via the Cavalla River.[62] Liberia's 3 largest rivers are St. Paul exiting close to Monrovia, the river St. John at Buchanan, and the Cestos River, all of which glide into the Atlantic. The Cavalla is the longest river in the nation at 515 kilometers (320 mi).[62]

The perfect level wholly within Liberia is Mount Wuteve at 1,440 meters (4,724 toes) above sea level in the northwestern Liberia vary of the West Africa Mountains and the Guinea Highlands.[62] However, Mount Nimba close to Yekepa, is upper at 1,752 meters (5,748 toes) above sea degree but isn't wholly within Liberia as Nimba stocks a border with Guinea and Ivory Coast and is their tallest mountain as well.[63]

Forests

Forests on the beach are composed mostly of salt-tolerant mangrove timber, while the extra carefully populated inland has forests opening onto a plateau of drier grasslands. The local weather is equatorial, with significant rainfall during the May–October rainy season and vicious harmattan winds the remainder of the yr. Liberia possesses about forty percent of the remaining Upper Guinean rainforest. It was once the most important manufacturer of rubber in the early Twentieth century. Four terrestrial ecoregions lie inside Liberia's borders: Guinean montane forests, Western Guinean lowland forests, Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, and Guinean mangroves.[64] It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index imply ranking of four.79/10, score it 116th globally out of 172 international locations.[65]

Administrative divisions Main article: Administrative divisions of Liberia A view of a lake in Bomi County

Liberia is split into fifteen counties, which, in turn, are subdivided into a complete of 90 districts and additional subdivided into clans. The oldest counties are Grand Bassa and Montserrado, each based in 1839 prior to Liberian independence. Gbarpolu is the newest county, created in 2001. Nimba is the largest of the counties in size at 11,551 km2 (4,460 sq mi), while Montserrado is the smallest at 1,909 km2 (737 sq mi).[66] Montserrado is also the maximum populous county with 1,144,806 residents as of the 2008 census.[66]

The fifteen counties are administered by superintendents appointed by means of the president. The Constitution calls for the election of various chiefs at the county and native stage, but those elections have no longer taken position since 1985 due to war and fiscal constraints.[67]

Parallel to the administrative divisions of the nation are the native and municipal divisions. Liberia these days does now not have any constitutional framework or uniform statutes which maintain the advent or revocation of native governments.[68] All current local governments – cities, townships, and a borough – had been created by way of specific acts of the Liberian government, and thus the construction and duties/responsibilities of each and every native govt varies a great deal from one to the different.

Map no. County Capital Population(2008 Census)[66] Area(km2)[66] Number ofdistricts Yearcreated 1 Bomi Tubmanburg 82,036 1,942 km2 (750 sq mi) 4 1984 2 Bong Gbarnga 328,919 8,772 km2 (3,387 sq mi) 12 1964 3 Gbarpolu Bopolu 83,758 9,689 km2 (3,741 sq mi) 6 2001 4 Grand Bassa Buchanan 224,839 7,936 km2 (3,064 sq mi) 8 1839 5 Grand Cape Mount Robertsport 129,055 5,162 km2 (1,993 sq mi) 5 1844 6 Grand Gedeh Zwedru 126,146 10,484 km2 (4,048 sq mi) 3 1964 7 Grand Kru Barclayville 57,106 3,895 km2 (1,504 sq mi) 18 1984 8 Lofa Voinjama 270,114 9,982 km2 (3,854 sq mi) 6 1964 9 Margibi Kakata 199,689 2,616 km2 (1,010 sq mi) 4 1985 10 Maryland Harper 136,404 2,297 km2 (887 sq mi) 2 1857 11 Montserrado Bensonville 1,144,806 1,909 km2 (737 sq mi) 4 1839 12 Nimba Sanniquellie 468,088 11,551 km2 (4,460 sq mi) 6 1964 13 Rivercess Rivercess 65,862 5,594 km2 (2,160 sq mi) 6 1985 14 River Gee Fish Town 67,318 5,113 km2 (1,974 sq mi) 6 2000 15 Sinoe Greenville 104,932 10,137 km2 (3,914 sq mi) 17 1843 Environmental problems Further information: Environmental issues in Liberia Pygmy hippos are among the species illegally hunted for meals in Liberia.[69] The World Conservation Union estimates that there are fewer than 3,000 pygmy hippos last in the wild.[70]

Endangered species are hunted for human consumption as bushmeat in Liberia.[69] Species sought for food in Liberia come with elephants, pygmy hippopotamus, chimpanzees, leopards, duikers, and other monkeys.[69] Bushmeat is incessantly exported to neighboring Sierra Leone and Ivory Coast, in spite of a ban on the cross-border sale of untamed animals.[69]

Bushmeat is broadly eaten in Liberia, and is regarded as a delicacy.[71] A 2004 public opinion survey discovered that bushmeat ranked second in the back of fish among citizens of the capital Monrovia as a most well-liked source of protein.[71] Of families where bushmeat was served, 80% of residents said they cooked it "once in a while," while 13% cooked it once every week and 7% cooked bushmeat day-to-day.[71] The survey used to be conducted all through the remaining civil battle, and bushmeat intake is now believed to be far upper.[71]

Loggers and logging truck, early 1960s

Liberia is a world biodiversity hotspot—a vital reservoir of biodiversity this is below threat from people.[72]

Slash-and-burn agriculture is certainly one of the human actions eroding Liberia's natural forests.[73] A 2004 UN report estimated that 99% of Liberians burned charcoal and fuel wooden for cooking and heating, ensuing in deforestation.[73]

Illegal logging has increased in Liberia since the end of the Second Civil War in 2003.[72] In 2012, President Sirleaf granted licenses to firms to cut down 58% of all the number one rainforest left in Liberia.[72] After world protests, a lot of those logging permits were canceled.[72] In September 2014, Liberia and Norway struck an agreement wherein Liberia ceased all logging in exchange for $A hundred and fifty million in building assist.[72]

Pollution is a significant issue in Monrovia.[74] Since 2006, the global group has paid for all garbage assortment and disposal in Monrovia via the World Bank.[75]

Climate trade This segment is an excerpt from Climate trade in Liberia

Climate alternate in Liberia reasons many issues as Liberia is particularly prone to local weather exchange. Like many different international locations in Africa, Liberia both faces present environmental problems, in addition to sustainable building demanding situations.[76] Because of its location in Africa, it's prone to extreme weather, coastal results of sea level upward thrust, and changing water systems and water availability.[77]

Climate trade is anticipated to critically affect the Liberian financial system, especially agriculture, fisheries, and forestry.[78] Liberia has been an energetic participant in global and local policy adjustments linked to local weather trade.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Liberia Former President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf

The govt of Liberia, modeled on the executive of the United States, is a unitary constitutional republic and representative democracy as established by the Constitution. The govt has 3 co-equal branches of government: the government, headed through the president; the legislative, consisting of the bicameral Legislature of Liberia; and the judicial, consisting of the Supreme Court and several lower courts.

The president serves as head of presidency, head of state, and the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Liberia.[2] Among the president's other tasks are to signal or veto legislative bills, grant pardons, and appoint Cabinet contributors, judges, and other public officials. Together with the vice president, the president is elected to a six-year time period through majority vote in a two-round machine and will serve up to two terms in place of work.[2]

The Legislature is composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The House, led via a speaker, has Seventy three members apportioned among the 15 counties on the foundation of the nationwide census, with every county receiving no less than two participants.[2] Each House member represents an electoral district inside a county as drawn by means of the National Elections Commission and is elected by a plurality of the in style vote in their district into a six-year term. The Senate is made up of 2 senators from each county for a complete of 30 senators.[2] Senators serve nine-year terms and are elected at-large by means of a plurality of the widespread vote.[2] The vp serves as the President of the Senate, with a President pro tempore serving in their absence.

Liberia's easiest judicial authority is the Supreme Court, made up of 5 members and headed by the Chief Justice of Liberia. Members are nominated to the courtroom by means of the president and are showed by means of the Senate, serving until the age of 70. The judiciary is additional divided into circuit and speciality courts, magistrate courts and justices of the peace.[79] The judicial system is a blend of common law, in response to Anglo-American regulation, and customary legislation.[2] An informal device of traditional courts nonetheless exists inside the rural spaces of the nation, with trial by means of ordeal remaining common regardless of being formally outlawed.[79]

From 1877 to 1980 the government used to be ruled via the True Whig Party.[30] Today over 20 political parties are registered in the nation, founded largely round personalities and ethnic groups.[54] Most parties suffer from deficient organizational capacity.[54] The 2005 elections marked the first time that the president's birthday celebration didn't acquire a majority of seats in the Legislature.[54]

Military Main article: Armed Forces of Liberia

The Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL) are the country's militia. Founded as the Liberian Frontier Force in 1908, the army was once renamed in 1956. For virtually all of its historical past, the AFL has received considerable material and training assistance from the United States. For maximum of the 1941–89 length, training used to be in large part equipped by way of U.S. advisors, with battle experience in the Second World War also playing a task in training. After UN Security Council Resolution 1509 in September 2003, the United Nations Mission in Liberia arrived to referee the ceasefire with devices from Ghana, Nigeria, Pakistan, and China with the view to lend a hand the National Transitional Government of Liberia in forming the new Liberian military.[80]

Foreign relations President Sirleaf with US Secretary of State John Kerry, Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos, and British PM David Cameron in September 2015 Further data: Foreign members of the family of Liberia

After the turmoil following the First and Second Liberian Civil Wars, Liberia's inner stabilization in the 21st century introduced a return to cordial relations with neighboring nations and much of the Western world. As in other African international locations, China is the most important a part of the post-conflict reconstruction.[81]

In the past, both of Liberia's neighbors, Guinea and Sierra Leone, have accused Liberia of backing rebels in their international locations.[82]

Law enforcement Further information: Law enforcement in Liberia

The Liberian National Police is the country's national police power. As of October 2007 it has 844 officers in 33 stations in Montserrado County, which contains Monrovia.[83] The National Police Training Academy is in Paynesville City.[84] A historical past of corruption among police officers diminishes public accept as true with and operational effectiveness. The inner security is characterised via a basic lawlessness coupled with the risk that former warring parties in the late civil conflict may reestablish militias to problem the civil authorities.[85]

Corruption Further knowledge: Corruption in Liberia

Corruption is endemic at every level of the Liberian govt.[86] When President Sirleaf took place of job in 2006, she introduced that corruption was "the major public enemy."[82] In 2014 the US ambassador to Liberia said that corruption there was once harming people via "unnecessary costs to products and services that are already difficult for many Liberians to afford".[87]

Liberia scored a three.3 on a scale from 10 (extremely blank) to 0 (extremely corrupt) on the 2010 Corruption Perceptions Index. This gave it a rating 87th of 178 countries worldwide and 11th of 47 in Sub-Saharan Africa.[88] This rating represented a significant growth since 2007, when the nation scored 2.1 and ranked one hundred and fiftieth of A hundred and eighty countries.[89] When dealing with public-facing govt functionaries, 89% of Liberians say they have got had to pay a bribe, the absolute best national share in the world in accordance to the group's 2010 Global Corruption Barometer.[90]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Liberia A proportional representation of Liberian exports. The shipping related classes reflect Liberia's standing as a global flag of comfort – there are 3,500 vessels registered underneath Liberia's flag accounting for 11% of ships international.[91][92] Liberia, tendencies in the Human Development Index 1970–2010.

The Central Bank of Liberia is accountable for printing and keeping up the Liberian greenback, Liberia's number one currency. Liberia is one among the international's poorest international locations, with a proper employment fee of 15%.[79] GDP according to capita peaked in 1980 at US6, when it was related to Egypt's (at the time).[93] In 2011 the country's nominal GDP was once US1.154 billion, whilst nominal GDP in keeping with capita stood at US7, the third-lowest in the international.[94] Historically the Liberian financial system has depended heavily on overseas support, international direct funding and exports of herbal assets equivalent to iron ore, rubber, and trees.[62]

Economic history

Following a peak in growth in 1979, the Liberian financial system began a gentle decline due to financial mismanagement after the 1980 coup.[95] This decline was once sped up by means of the outbreak of civil conflict in 1989; GDP used to be diminished via an estimated 90% between 1989 and 1995, one in every of the fastest declines in historical past.[95] Upon the finish of the warfare in 2003, GDP growth started to accelerate, achieving 9.4% in 2007.[96] The world financial crisis slowed GDP expansion to 4.6% in 2009,[96] even though a strengthening agricultural sector led by rubber and bushes exports greater growth to 5.1% in 2010 and an anticipated 7.3% in 2011, making the economy one among the 20 fastest-growing in the global.[97][98]

Current impediments to expansion come with a small domestic marketplace, lack of ok infrastructure, top transportation costs, poor industry hyperlinks with neighboring international locations and the top dollarization of the economy.[97] Liberia used the United States greenback as its currency from 1943 till 1982 and continues to use the U.S. greenback alongside the Liberian dollar.[99]

Following a decrease in inflation starting in 2003, inflation spiked in 2008 because of worldwide meals and energy crises,[100] reaching 17.5% ahead of declining to 7.4% in 2009.[96] Liberia's exterior debt was once estimated in 2006 at approximately .5 billion, 800% of GDP.[95] As a result of bilateral, multilateral and business debt aid from 2007 to 2010, the nation's exterior debt fell to 2.Nine million by means of 2011.[101]

While respectable commodity exports declined all over the Nineties as many traders fled the civil war, Liberia's wartime economic system featured the exploitation of the region's diamond wealth.[102] The country acted as a significant trader in Sierra Leonian blood diamonds, exporting over US0 million in diamonds in 1999.[103] This led to a United Nations ban on Liberian diamond exports in 2001, which was once lifted in 2007 following Liberia's accession to the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme.[104]

In 2003, additional UN sanctions were put on Liberian bushes exports, which had risen from US million in 1997 to over US$One hundred million in 2002 and had been believed to be investment rebels in Sierra Leone.[105][106] These sanctions have been lifted in 2006.[107] Due in wide section to foreign help and funding influx following the finish of the war, Liberia maintains a big account deficit, which peaked at nearly 60% in 2008.[97] Liberia received observer standing with the World Trade Organization in 2010 and became an respectable member in 2016.[108]

Liberia has the best possible ratio of international direct funding to GDP in the international, with US billion in investment since 2006.[98] Following Sirleaf's inauguration in 2006, Liberia signed several multi-billion-dollar concession agreements in the iron ore and palm oil industries with numerous multinational companies, including BHP Billiton, ArcelorMittal, and Sime Darby.[109] Palm oil companies like Sime Darby (Malaysia) and Golden Veroleum (USA) have been accused of destroying livelihoods and displacing local communities, enabled by executive concessions.[110] Since 1926 The Firestone Tire and Rubber Company has operated the world's largest rubber plantation in Harbel, Margibi County. As of 2015 it had more than 8,000 mostly Liberian staff, making it the country's largest private employer.[111][112]

Shipping flag of comfort

Due to its standing as a flag of comfort, Liberia has the second-largest maritime registry in the international at the back of Panama. It has 3,500 vessels registered beneath its flag, accounting for 11% of ships worldwide.[91][92]

Major industries Agriculture This phase is an excerpt from Agriculture in Liberia Young boy grinding sugar cane close to Flumpa, Nimba County, 1968.

Agriculture in Liberia is a major sector of the nation's financial system price 38.8% of GDP, using greater than 70% of the population and providing a precious export for one of the global's least developed countries (as defined by means of the UN).[113][114][115][116] Liberia has a local weather favourable to farming, vast forests, and an abundance of water, but low yields mean that over half of foodstuffs are imported, with net agricultural business at -.12 million in 2010.[117] This was pushed aside as a "misconception" by way of Liberia's Minister of Agriculture.[118]

The main crops are natural rubber, rice, cassava, bananas and palm oil.[119]Timber may be a big export at 0 million every year, despite the fact that a lot of this is the made of unsustainable habitat destruction, with Asian firms criticised for their position.[115] Although agricultural activity occurs in maximum rural places, it is specifically concentrated in coastal plains (subsistence crops) and tropical woodland (cash crops). The sector is essential for girls as they are widely employed in it in comparability to the economic system as a complete.[120] Mining This phase is an excerpt from Mining industry of Liberia Iron ore mining

The mining trade of Liberia has witnessed a revival after the civil warfare which ended in 2003.[121] Gold, diamonds, and iron ore kind the core minerals of the mining sector with a new Mineral Development Policy and Mining Code being put in place to attract international investments.[122] In 2013, the mineral sector accounted for 11% of GDP in the country and the World Bank has projected an additional building up in the sector via 2017.[123]

Mining sector is thought of as the top mover for the financial enlargement of the country and its exploitation has to be accurately balanced with sustainable environmental preservation of its rich biodiversity.[124] Apart from iron ore extractions, cement, diamond, gold, and petroleum resources have also been given due importance to enrich the economy of the nation. Telecommunications Main article: Communications in Liberia

There are six major newspapers in Liberia, and 45% of the inhabitants has a cell phone provider. Much of Liberia's communications infrastructure was destroyed or plundered throughout the two civil wars (1989–1996 and 1999–2003).[125] With low rates of adult literacy and prime poverty charges, television and newspaper use is proscribed, leaving radio as the predominant manner of communicating with the public.[126]

Transportation Main article: Transport in Liberia The streets of downtown Monrovia, March 2009This phase is an excerpt from Transport in Liberia Transport in Liberia consist of railways, highways, seaports and airports. Energy Further knowledge: Energy in Liberia

Public electricity products and services are supplied only by the state-owned Liberia Electricity Corporation, which operates a small grid nearly completely in the Greater Monrovia District.[127] The overwhelming majority of electric power services and products is equipped via small, privately owned turbines. At [scrape_url:1]

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[/scrape_url].54 per kWh, the cost of electrical energy in Liberia is amongst the best possible in the international. Total capability in 2013 was 20 MW, a sharp decline from a top of 191 MW in 1989 ahead of the wars.[127]

Completion of the restore and growth of the Mount Coffee Hydropower Project, with a maximum capacity of Eighty MW, is scheduled to be finished by 2018.[128] Construction of three new heavy gasoline oil energy vegetation is predicted to boost electric capability via 38 MW.[129] In 2013, Liberia started uploading power from neighboring Ivory Coast and Guinea via the West African Power Pool.[130]

Liberia has begun exploration for offshore oil; unproven oil reserves could also be in far more than 1000000000 barrels.[131] The government divided its offshore waters into 17 blocks and began auctioning off exploration licenses for the blocks in 2004, with further auctions in 2007 and 2009.[132][133][134] An additional 13 ultra-deep offshore blocks have been demarcated in 2011 and planned for public sale.[135] Among the corporations to have gained licenses are Repsol YPF, Chevron Corporation, and Woodside Petroleum.[136]

Demographics

Liberia's inhabitants from 1961 to 2013, in tens of millions.[137] Liberia's inhabitants tripled in 40 years.[137] Liberia's inhabitants pyramid, 2005. 43.5% of Liberians had been beneath the age of 15 in 2010.[138] Main article: Demographics of Liberia See also: Liberian nationality law

As of the 2017 national census, Liberia was home to 4,694,608 people.[139] Of the ones, 1,118,241 lived in Montserrado County, the most populous county in the country and residential to the capital of Monrovia. The Greater Monrovia District has 970,824 citizens.[140]Nimba County is the subsequent maximum populous county, with 462,026 residents.[140] As published in the 2008 census, Monrovia is more than four times extra populous than all the county capitals mixed.[66]

Prior to the 2008 census, the last census were taken in 1984 and indexed the nation's population as 2,101,628.[140] The inhabitants of Liberia was once 1,016,443 in 1962 and increased to 1,503,368 in 1974.[66] As of 2006, Liberia had the perfect inhabitants enlargement charge in the world (4.50% according to annum).[141] In 2010 some 43.5% of Liberians had been underneath the age of 15.[138]

Ethnic groups Ethnic Groups in LiberiaEthnic Groups p.c Kpelle   20.3% Bassa   13.4% Grebo   10% Gio   8% Mano   7.9% Kru   6% Lorma   5.1% Kissi   4.8% Gola   4.4% Krahn   4% Vai   4% Mandinka   3.2% Gbandi   3% Mende   1.3% Sapo   1.2% Belle   0.8% Dey   0.3% Other Liberian   0.6% Other African   1.4% Non African   0.1%

The population includes 16 indigenous ethnic groups and quite a lot of foreign minorities. Indigenous peoples include about Ninety five p.c of the population. The 16 officially recognized ethnic teams come with the Kpelle, Bassa, Mano, Gio or Dan, Kru, Grebo, Krahn, Vai, Gola, Mandingo or Mandinka, Mende, Kissi, Gbandi, Loma, Dei or Dewoin, Belleh, and Americo-Liberians or Congo people.

The Kpelle comprise more than 20% of the population and are the biggest ethnic team in Liberia, living most commonly in Bong County and adjacent spaces in central Liberia.[142] Americo-Liberians, who're descendants of African American and West Indian, mostly Barbadian (Bajan) settlers, make up 2.5%. Congo people, descendants of repatriated Congo and Afro-Caribbean slaves who arrived in 1825, make up an estimated 2.5%.[2][143] These latter two teams established political control in the nineteenth century which they saved effectively into the 20th century.

Numerous immigrants have come as traders and grow to be a significant a part of the business neighborhood, together with Lebanese, Indians, and other West African nationals. There is a prime share of interracial marriage between ethnic Liberians and the Lebanese, ensuing in an important mixed-race population especially in and around Monrovia. A small minority of Liberians who're White Africans of European descent reside in the nation.[2] The Liberian charter exercises jus sanguinis, restricting its citizenship to "Negroes or persons of Negro descent."[144]

Languages Further data: Languages of Liberia

English is the authentic language and serves as the lingua franca of Liberia.[145] Thirty-one indigenous languages are spoken in Liberia, however every is a primary language for just a small proportion of the population.[146] Liberians also speak quite a few creolized dialects jointly referred to as Liberian English.[145]

Largest cities Religion Main article: Religion in Liberia Religion in Liberia (2010)[148]Religion percent Protestantism   76.3% Islam   12.2% Roman Catholicism   7.2% Other Christian   1.6% Unaffiliated   1.4% Other religion   1.3%

According to the 2008 National Census, 85.6% of the population practices Christianity, whilst Muslims constitute a minority of 12.2%.[149] A large number of diverse Protestant confessions equivalent to Lutheran, Baptist, Episcopal, Presbyterian, Pentecostal, United Methodist, African Methodist Episcopal (AME) and African Methodist Episcopal Zion (AME Zion) denominations type the bulk of the Christian population, adopted through adherents of the Roman Catholic Church and other non-Protestant Christians. Most of those Christian denominations have been introduced via African American settlers moving from the United States into Liberia by way of the American Colonization Society, whilst some are indigenous—particularly Pentecostal and evangelical Protestant ones. Protestantism was initially associated with Black American settlers and their Americo-Liberian descendants, whilst native peoples held to their very own animist forms of African traditional faith. Indigenous people have been subject to Christian missionary, as well as Americo-Liberian efforts to close the cultural gap by means of education. This proved a hit, leaving Christians a majority in the nation.

Muslims comprise 12.2% of the population, in large part represented through the Mandingo and Vai ethnic groups. Liberian Muslims are divided between Sunnis, Shias, Ahmadiyyas, Sufis, and non-denominational Muslims.[150]

Traditional indigenous religions are practiced through 0.5% of the population, while 1.5% subscribe to no religion. A small selection of people are Baháʼí, Hindu, Sikh, or Buddhist. While Christian, many Liberians additionally participate in conventional, gender-based indigenous non secular secret societies, reminiscent of Poro for men and Sande for women. The all-female Sande society practices female circumcision.[151]

The Constitution supplies for freedom of faith, and the government generally respects this correct.[151] While separation of church and state is mandated by way of the Constitution, Liberia is considered a Christian state in apply.[54] Public colleges be offering religious study, although oldsters would possibly decide their youngsters out. Commerce is unlawful by means of law on Sunday and primary Christian holidays. The executive does not require businesses or schools to excuse Muslims for Friday prayers.[151]

Education

Main article: Education in Liberia Students studying through candlelight in Bong County

In 2010, the literacy price of Liberia used to be estimated at 60.8% (64.8% for men and 56.8% for women folk).[152] In some areas number one and secondary schooling is free and obligatory from the ages of 6 to 16, regardless that enforcement of attendance is lax.[153] In different areas children are required to pay a tuition fee to attend faculty. On moderate, children attain 10 years of training (Eleven for boys and 8 for women).[2] The nation's education sector is hampered by way of insufficient colleges and supplies, as well as a loss of qualified academics.[154]

Higher schooling is provided by various private and non-private universities. The University of Liberia is the country's biggest and oldest college. Located in Monrovia, the university opened in 1862. Today it has six colleges, together with a scientific faculty and the nation's best legislation college, Louis Arthur Grimes School of Law.[155]

In 2009, Tubman University in Harper, Maryland County used to be established as the second public university in Liberia.[156] Since 2006, the government has also opened group schools in Buchanan, Sanniquellie, and Voinjama.[157][158][159]

Due to pupil protests past due in October 2018, newly elected president George M. Weah abolished tuition fees for undergraduate scholars in the public universities in Liberia.[160]

Private universities Cuttington University was established via the Episcopal Church of the USA in 1889 in Suakoko, Bong County, as a part of its missionary schooling paintings among indigenous peoples. It is the nation's oldest personal university. Stella Maris Polytechnic, a post-secondary, non-public establishment of higher learning. Founded in 1988, the school is owned and operated through the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Monrovia. Located on Capitol Hill, the faculty has approximately 2,000 scholars.[161] Adventist University of West Africa, a post-secondary studying atmosphere that is located in Margibi County, on the Roberts International Airport.[162] United Methodist University, a non-public Christian university located in Liberia, West Africa, it's commonly known among locals as UMU. As of 2016, it had roughly 9,118 students. This establishment was founded in 1998.[163] African Methodist Episcopal University, a personal higher education establishment that was once founded in 1995.[164] St. Clements University- University College (Liberia), a private higher schooling establishment that was once founded in 2008, Home

Health

Further information: Health in Liberia

Hospitals in Liberia include the John F. Kennedy Medical Center in Monrovia and a number of other others. Life expectancy in Liberia is estimated to be 57.4 years in 2012.[165] With a fertility charge of 5.Nine births in step with lady, the maternal mortality rate stood at 990 according to 100,000 births in 2010.[166] Various highly communicable diseases are widespread, together with tuberculosis, diarrheal sicknesses and malaria. In 2007, the HIV an infection rates stood at 2% of the inhabitants elderly 15–49[167] whereas the incidence of tuberculosis was once 420 in step with 100,000 people in 2008.[168] Approximately 58.2%[169] – 66%[170] of ladies are estimated to have undergone female genital mutilation.

Liberia imports 90% of its rice, a staple food, and is terribly vulnerable to meals shortages.[171] In 2007, 20.4% of children under the age of five have been malnourished.[172] In 2008, best 17% of the inhabitants had access to adequate sanitation facilities.[173]

Approximately 95% of the nation's healthcare amenities had been destroyed by way of the time civil battle ended in 2003.[174] In 2009, executive expenditure on health care in keeping with capita was US,[175] accounting for 10.6% of overall GDP.[176] In 2008, Liberia had just one doctor and 27 nurses in step with 100,000 people.[168]

In 2014, a scourge of Ebola virus in Guinea spread to Liberia.[177] As of November 17, 2014, there have been 2,812 showed deaths from the ongoing outbreak.[178] In early August 2014 Guinea closed its borders to Liberia to assist include the spread of the virus, as extra new circumstances have been being reported in Liberia than in Guinea. On May 9, 2015, Liberia was once declared Ebola unfastened after six weeks with out a new cases.[179]

According to an Overseas Development Institute file, non-public health expenditure accounts for 64.1% of general spending on health.[180]

Crime

Main article: Crime in Liberia

Rape and sexual attack are frequent in the post-conflict era in Liberia. Liberia has certainly one of the absolute best incidences of sexual violence against ladies in the global. Rape is the maximum incessantly reported crime, accounting for greater than one-third of sexual violence instances. Adolescent girls are the most regularly assaulted, and almost 40% of perpetrators are adult males recognized to sufferers.[181]

Both female and male homosexuality are illegal in Liberia.[182][183] On July 20, 2012, the Liberian senate voted unanimously to enact law to limit and criminalize same-sex marriages.[184]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Liberia Bassa culture. Helmet Mask for Sande Society (Ndoli Jowei), Liberia. Twentieth century. Brooklyn Museum.

The religious practices, social customs and cultural requirements of the Americo-Liberians had their roots in the antebellum American South. The settlers wore best hat and tails and modeled their houses on the ones of Southern slaveowners.[185] Most Americo-Liberian men were contributors of the Masonic Order of Liberia, which changed into heavily concerned in the country's politics.[186]

Liberia has a wealthy history in textile arts and quilting, as the settlers introduced with them their sewing and quilting talents. Liberia hosted National Fairs in 1857 and 1858 in which prizes had been awarded for quite a lot of needle arts. One of the most well known Liberian quilters was once Martha Ann Ricks,[187] who introduced a cover that includes the famed Liberian coffee tree to Queen Victoria in 1892. When President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf moved into the Executive Mansion, she reportedly had a Liberian-made quilt put in in her presidential administrative center.[188]

A rich literary custom has existed in Liberia for over a century. Edward Wilmot Blyden, Bai T. Moore, Roland T. Dempster and Wilton G. S. Sankawulo are among Liberia's more outstanding authors.[189] Moore's novella Murder in the Cassava Patch is considered Liberia's maximum celebrated novel.[190]

Polygamy Further knowledge: Polygamy in Liberia

One-third of married Liberian women between the ages of 15–49 are in polygamous marriages.[191] Customary legislation lets in men to have up to four other halves.[192]

Cuisine Main article: Liberian delicacies A beachside fish fry at Sinkor, Monrovia, Liberia

Liberian delicacies heavily incorporates rice, the nation's staple food. Other components include cassava, fish, bananas, citrus fruit, plantains, coconut, okra and candy potatoes.[193] Heavy stews spiced with habanero and scotch bonnet chilies are popular and eaten with fufu.[194] Liberia additionally has a tradition of baking imported from the United States this is unique in West Africa.[195]

Sport

The most well liked sport in Liberia is affiliation soccer, with President George Weah — the only African to be named FIFA World Player of the Year — being the country's most famous athlete.[196][197] The Liberia national football team has reached the Africa Cup of Nations finals two times, in 1996 and 2002.

The second most popular recreation in Liberia is basketball. The Liberian nationwide basketball staff has reached the AfroBasket two times, in 1983 and 2007.

In Liberia, the Samuel Kanyon Doe Sports Complex serves as a multi-purpose stadium. It hosts FIFA World Cup qualifying matches in addition to global concerts and national political events.[198]

Measurement gadget

Liberia is one in all simplest three international locations that experience not yet completely adopted the International System of Units (abbreviated as the SI, often known as the metric gadget), the others being the United States[a] and Myanmar[b].

The Liberian government has begun transitioning away from use of United States normal devices to the metric machine.[201] However, this transformation has been sluggish, with govt stories at the same time as the use of each United States Customary and metric units.[202][203] In 2018, the Liberian Commerce and Industry Minister introduced that the Liberian executive is dedicated to adopting the metric machine.[204]

See also

Outline of Liberia Gender inequality in Liberia

Notes

^ Metrication in the United States is ongoing. The 1988 Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act designated the metric machine as "the preferred system of weights and measures for United States trade and commerce," however in follow the device is in combined utilization, with the inhabitants usually who prefer standard devices and industries both totally metric or combined.[199] ^ Myanmar made an respectable resolution to metricate in 2013 and has been transitioning away from Imperial and Burmese units since.[200]

References

^ .mw-parser-output cite.quotationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .quotation qquotes:"\"""\"""'""'".mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:linear-gradient(clear,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")correct 0.1em middle/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")correct 0.1em center/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolour:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:lend a hand.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")appropriate 0.1em heart/12px no-repeat.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errorshow:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintdisplay:none;colour:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em.mw-parser-output .quotation .mw-selflinkfont-weight:inheritLewis, M. 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University of Tennessee. Archived from the authentic (PDF) on June 24, 2010. Retrieved April 25, 2010.CS1 maint: a couple of names: authors checklist (hyperlink) ^ Government of Liberia (2008). "County Development Agendas". Government of the Republic of Liberia. Archived from the original on January 14, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2010. ^ Shannon, Eugene H. (December 31, 2009). "Annual report" (PDF). Liberian Ministry of Lands, Mines and Energy. Archived from the unique (PDF) on April 10, 2011. Retrieved May 1, 2010. ^ Dopoe, Robin (May 25, 2018). "Gov't Pledges Commitment to Adopt Metric System". Retrieved September 1, 2019.

Further reading

Cooper, Helene, House at Sugar Beach: In Search of a Lost African Childhood (Simon & Schuster, 2008, ISBN 0-7432-6624-2) Gilbert, Erik; Reynolds, Jonathan T (October 2003). Africa in World History, From Prehistory to the Present (Paperback ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-092907-5. Greene, Barbara (March 5, 1991). Too Late to Turn Back. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-009594-2. Greene, Graham (1936). Journey Without Maps. Vintage. ISBN 978-0-09-928223-5. Hetherington, Tim (2009). Long Story Bit By Bit: Liberia Retold. New York: Umbrage. ISBN 978-1-884167-73-7. Huffman, Alan (2004). Mississippi in Africa: The Saga of the Slaves of Prospect Hill Plantation and Their Legacy in Liberia Today. Gotham Books. ISBN 978-1-59240-044-7. Kraaij, Fred; van der (2015). Liberia : From the Love of Liberty to Paradise Lost. African Studies Centre, Leiden. ISBN 978-90-54481447.Lang, Victoria, To Liberia: Destiny's Timing (Publish America, Baltimore, 2004, ISBN 1-4137-1829-9). A fast-paced gripping novel of the adventure of a young Black couple fleeing America to settle in the African motherland of Liberia. Maksik, Alexander, A Marker to Measure Drift (John Murray 2013; Paperback 2014; ISBN 978-1-84854-807-7). A beautifully written, tough & moving novel about a young woman's enjoy of and escape from the Liberian civil conflict. Merriam Webster's Geographical Dictionary: third Edition (Paperback ed.). Merriam Webster Inc., Springfield. 1997. ISBN 0-87779-546-0. Mwakikagile, Godfrey, Military Coups in West Africa Since The Sixties, Chapter Eight: Liberia: 'The Love of Liberty Brought Us Here,' pp. 85–110, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Huntington, New York, 2001; Godfrey Mwakikagile, The Modern African State: Quest for Transformation, Chapter One: The Collapse of A Modern African State: Death and Rebirth of Liberia, pp. 1–18, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2001. Pham, John-Peter (April 4, 2001). Liberia: Portrait of a Failed State. Reed Press. ISBN 1-59429-012-1. Sankawulo, Wilton, Great Tales of Liberia. Dr. Sankawulo is the compiler of these tales from Liberia and about Liberian tradition. Editura Universitatii "Lucian Blaga", Sibiu, Romania, 2004. ISBN 9789736518386. Sankawulo, Wilton, Sundown at Dawn: A Liberian Odyssey. Recommended by the Cultural Resource Center, Center for Applied Linguistics for its content concerning Liberian culture. ISBN 0-9763565-0-3 Shaw, Elma, Redemption Road: The Quest for Peace and Justice in Liberia (a singular), with a Foreword via President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (Cotton Tree Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-9800774-0-7) Williams, Gabriel I. H. (July 6, 2006). Liberia: The Heart of Darkness. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1-55369-294-2.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media linked to Liberia. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Liberia.Chief of State and Cabinet Members Liberia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Liberia from UCB Libraries GovPubs. Liberia at Curlie Liberia profile from the BBC News. Liberia profile from the African Studies Centre Leiden Country portal. "Liberia Maps", Perry–Castañeda Library, University of Texas at Austin. Wikimedia Atlas of LiberiavteLiberia articlesHistory Colonization (1821–1847) Americo-Liberian rule (1847–1980) 1980 coup d'état Samuel Doe era (1980–1989) 1985 coup d'état strive First Liberian Civil War (1989–1997) 1998 Monrovia clashes Second Liberian Civil War (1999–2003) 2014 Ebola virus epidemicGeography Cities Borders Environmental problems (Climate exchange) Forests Islands Mountains Rivers Natural worldPolitics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Cabinet Foreign relations Government ministries Human rights Judiciary Military Parliament Police Political events President Vice PresidentEconomy Agriculture Central financial institution Communications Dollar (foreign money) Energy Mining Tourism TransportSociety Corruption Crime Demographics Education Ethnic teams Health Languages Public holidays Religion WomenCulture Cinema Coat of fingers Cuisine Flag Media Music Polygamy SportOutlineIndex Category Portal vteCountries and territories of AfricaSovereign statesEntirely ormostly in Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia ZimbabwePartlyin Africa France Mayotte Réunion Italy Pantelleria Pelagie Islands Portugal Madeira Spain Canary Islands Ceuta Melilla Plazas de soberanía Yemen SocotraStates with limitedrecognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic1 SomalilandTerritories anddependencies Îles Éparses France Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha UK1Unclear sovereignty. Africa portal International membership vteAfrican UnionHistory Pan-Africanism Decolonisation of Africa Casablanca Group Monrovia Group African and Malagasy Union Abuja Treaty Sirte Declaration Lome Summit Organisation of African Unity Chairperson Secretary NormalGeography Borders Extreme issues Member states RegionsOrgans Executive Council Permanent Representatives' Committee Specialized Technical CommitteesAssembly ChairpersonCommission Chairperson Deputy Chairperson AUCCPan-African Parliament Bureau Secretariat Gallagher PropertyAfrican Court of Justice African Court on Human and Peoples' RightsECOSOCC Committees Peace and Security Political Affairs Infrastructure and Energy Social Affairs and Health HR, Sciences and Technology Trade and Industry Rural Economy and Agriculture Economic Affairs Women and Gender Cross-Cutting ProgramsFinancial institutions AFRA Commission African Central Bank African Monetary Fund African Investment BankPeace and Security Council ACIRC African Standby Force Panel of the Wise UNAMID AMIB AMIS AMISOM MISCASpecialised companies and establishments Africa CDCPolitics APRM Foreign relations African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights Enlargement United States Africa Command (United States military bases) United States ambassadorSymbols Anthem Emblem FlagEconomy Currencies (Gold usual) Development Bank African Economic Community NEPAD African Continental Free Trade Area Single African Air Transport MarketCulture Africa Day LanguagesTheory Afro United States of Africa United States of Latin Africa East African Federation Category Languages vteEnglish-speaking world

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Further linksArticles English-speaking global History of the English language British Empire English in the Commonwealth of Nations AnglosphereLists List of countries by means of English-speaking population List of nations where English is an reputable language  Countries and territories the place English is the nationwide language or the native language of the majorityAfrica Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da CunhaAmericas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin IslandsEurope Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United KingdomOceania Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands  Countries and territories where English is an reputable language, however no longer the majority first languageAfrica Botswana Cameroon Eswatini The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia ZimbabweAmericas Puerto RicoAsia Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong India Pakistan Philippines SingaporeEurope Gibraltar Akrotiri and Dhekelia MaltaOceania American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu VanuatuDependencies proven in italics. Authority keep an eye on BNE: XX4575458 BNF: cb11864751q (data), cb15325774g (knowledge), cb11945553v (knowledge) GND: 4035583-4 HDS: 003451 ISNI: 0000 0001 2181 3754 LCCN: n79060233 MBAREA: d66e68e6-6410-3d34-a8aa-9242045ed593 NARA: 10035726 NDL: 00569439 NKC: ge129814 NLI: 000975554 Trove: 904696 VIAF: 135582643, 148839939 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n79060233

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