Which Of The Following Was One Of Alfred Adler's Main...

Adler's Personality Theory was created by Alfred Adler (1870 - 1937). Adler called his theory Individual Psychology because he believed that His theory also contains the effects of the order of the family. Children who are the only child will get pampered which will cause the child to feel inferior...Learn about Alfred the Great and other famous Anglo-Saxon kings in this BBC Bitesize KS2 History guide. His father was king of Wessex, but by the end of Alfred's reign his coins referred to him as 'King of the English'. He fought the Vikings and then made peace so that English and Vikings settled...Brand personality is a mix of human traits attributed to a brand. Which of the following is NOT a brand personality trait as discussed in your text? People cannot focus on all of the stimuli that surround them each day. A person's tendency to screen out most of the information to which he or...Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory? Which of the following is not something the theories of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow have in common? Both theories focus on the personality formed in infancy.ALFRED ADLER 4 BOOK COLLECTION book. Read reviews from world's largest community for This volume contain four of the main books written by Alfred Adler. In collaboration with Sigmund Freud His theories on psychology are pretty old but some are still used today. I just thought it was...

Who was Alfred the Great? - BBC Bitesize

Curious Episode in History. Historic Emblem. 1. Almost everybody has heard of the ancient Maya, a mysterious people who lived in Central America in 1500 ВС — AD 900 and then suddenly disappeared.Верный ответ: A. 4. What is the primary aim of the human computer interaction research? A) improve human-computer interaction by improving the usability of computer interfaces 5. Which of the following could be considered as user-centered designing process? A) improving screen sizesSkip to main content. Adler, A.: The individual psychology of Alfred Adler. a systematic presentation of selections from his writings. Shumilin, A.T.: Problema teorii tvorchestva [The problem of the theory of creativity].Early personality theorists, such as Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung, relied mostly on clin- ical observations to construct models of human Each of the personality theorists discussed in this book has evolved a theory based both on empirical observa- tions and on imaginative speculation.

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For the final presentation for this course, I have decided to discuss Alfred Adler's birth order theory. I essentially decided to choose this topic because I Also I was able to relate to this topic on a personal level compared to some of the other theories. Meaning, when learning and talking about birth order...Nor could we ignore an important European contribution to personality theory. Typically, however, each theory is introduced with an Orientation section which recounts briefly the personal history of the theorist, outlines the main lines of influence upon the theory, and provides a summary of the salient...Which of the following is generally a method to determine whether or not to include certain details into your research article? Which of the following is a common restriction regarding title pages? Which of the following is the main goal of the methods section of a research report?Furthermore, they (13) … the "Transylvania effect" theories, saying they were scientifically incorrect. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0).Adler resigned as the president of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society in 1911 and founded the Society for Adler stresses that unity of personality contending that people can only be understood as 10. • Adler's theory focuses on inferiority feelings, which he sees as a normal condition of all people and...

OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality Chapter 11: Personality * = Correct answer Multiple Choice 1. Who developed the first complete theory of personality? A. Hippocrates B. Immanuel Kant *C. Sigmund Freud D. Wilhelm Wundt Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 2. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective check ________. *A. in which individuals are offered with ambiguous photographs B. that employs a series of symmetrical inkblot playing cards C. that is designed to be culturally related to minority teams D. that is identical to a word association check Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2, 2.4 3. The concept of ________ suggests that people make a selection to transfer to places which are compatible with their personalities and needs. A. discrimination emigration B. optional immigration C. personality location *D. selective migration Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1 4. The ________ way to the study of personality happened in reaction to the dominance of Western approaches to the find out about of personality in non-Western settings. A. tradition B. feminist *C. indigenous D. TEMAS Difficulty: Easy Page 1 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5 5. ________ theorists attempt to provide an explanation for our personality by way of figuring out our stable traits and techniques of behaving. A. character B. Jungian C. Rorschach *D. trait Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1 6. Who believed that our personality characteristics are influenced by means of our genetic inheritance? A. Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud B. Carl Rogers and Karen Horney C. Erik Erikson and Abraham Maslow *D. Hans and Sybil Eysenck Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 7. ________ describes a proportion of distinction among other people this is attributed to genetics. *A. heritability B. personality C. temperament D. trait Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 8. The ________ personality is worried, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private. *A. ectomorph B. endomorph C. mesomorph D. somatomorph Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 2.1 9. Who designed the first complete machine of constitutional psychology? A. Abraham Maslow Page 2 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality B. Carl Rogers C. Gordon Allport *D. William H. Sheldon Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 10. ________ is a state of being in which our ideas about our genuine and perfect selves are very identical. *A. congruence B. egotism C. incongruence D. self-concept Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1 11. Who evolved social-cognitive theory? A. Abraham Maslow *B. Albert Bandura C. Carl Rogers D. Erik Erikson Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 12. Self-efficacy is ________. A. a state of being in which our thoughts about our genuine and excellent selves are very equivalent *B. our stage of confidence in our own talents C. the belief that one's setting can resolve behavior D. the belief that we have power over our lives Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1 13. Because we now have developed certain response dispositions, ________ believed that we show consistent behavior patterns. *A. B. F. Skinner B. Hans and Sybil Eysenck C. Ivan Pavlov D. Sigmund Freud Page 3 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 14. The ________ refers to the not unusual psychological tendencies which were handed down from one era to the next. *A. collective subconscious B. gestalt C. id D. perfect self Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 15. Who proposed the locus of control idea? A. Albert Bandura B. Carl Jung *C. Julian Rotter D. Walter Mischel Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 16. An archetype is a ________. A. stability of opposing forces inside of one's personality B. collective awareness C. feeling that one lacks price and doesn't measure up to the requirements of others or of society *D. trend that exists in our collective subconscious across cultures and societies Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 17. Who advised that men have womb envy because they can't give delivery? A. Abraham Maslow B. Carl Jung *C. Karen Horney D. Sigmund Freud Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 18. Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ________. Page 4 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality A. collective unconscious *B. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator C. Rorschach Inkblot Test D. Tell-me-a-story thematic Apperception Test (TEMAS) Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.4 19. Carl Jung referred to the ________ as the mask we undertake. A. id B. ultimate self *C. character D. superego Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 20. A(an) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks value and doesn't measure up to the requirements of others or of society. A. Freudian *B. inferiority C. neurotic D. psychosocial Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1 21. A(an) ________ locus of regulate is the belief that our results are outside of our keep an eye on; an ________ locus of keep watch over is the trust that we keep watch over our own outcomes. A. congruent; incongruent *B. external; inner C. interior; exterior D. real; very best Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 22. In Hippocrates theory of personality, what physically humor was associated with choleric temperament? A. black bile from the kidneys B. purple blood from the center Page 5 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality C. white mucous from the lungs *D. yellow bile from the liver Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2 23. Asa is purchasing a present for his mom, an overbearing lady who is tricky to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" as a substitute of "my mother." What does this exemplify? A. archetype B. collective subconscious *C. Freudian slip D. repressed memory Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.3, 2.1, 2.2 24. The characteristics openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key parts of the ________. *A. Five Factor Model B. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) C. TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test D. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 25. Sigmund Freud suggested that people who find themselves ruled via their ________ may well be narcissistic and impulsive. A. ego *B. id C. superego D. unconscious Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 26. The ________ makes use of photographs and storytelling that relate to Hispanic tradition. A. Five Factor Model B. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) *C. TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test D. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Page 6 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5 27. Ina can now not learn the street signs, but she refuses to admit she wishes glasses to power. Which protection mechanism does this exemplify? *A. denial B. displacement C. rationalization D. rejection Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 28. According to Galen, the ________ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold. *A. choleric B. melancholic C. phlegmatic D. sanguine Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 29. After Mike does not get the process he interviewed for, he moves back in along with his folks and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify? A. reaction formation *B. regression C. repression D. sublimation Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 30. Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his affected person reply to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden emotions, impulses, and needs. *A. projective take a look at B. psychoanalysis C. self-report stock D. trait analysis Difficulty: Moderate Page 7 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality APA Standard: 1.1, 1.3, 2.1, 2.431. According to Sigmund Freud, an grownup who smokes, beverages, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ level of her psychosexual development. A. anal B. genital *C. oral D. phallic Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 32. The ________ consists of a sequence of true and false questions so as to determine an individual's clinical profile. A. Contemporized-Themes Concerning Blacks Test (C-TCB) *B. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) C. Rorschach Inkblot Test D. TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2, 2.4 33. If parents are too lenient in the ________ stage, the child might become messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts. *A. anal B. genital C. oral D. phallic Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2 34. The ________ Inkblot Test employs a sequence of symmetrical inkblot playing cards which can be offered to a client by means of a psychologist in an effort to divulge the person's unconscious needs, fears, and struggles. A. Julian Rotter *B. Rorschach C. TAT D. TEMAS Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2, 2.4 Page 8 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality 35. During which duration are sexual feelings dormant as children focal point on other pursuits, reminiscent of college, friendships, spare time activities, and sports activities? A. anal B. genital *C. latency D. phallic Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.1 36. The ________ Concerning Blacks Test is a projective take a look at designed to be culturally related to African-Americans, the usage of pictures that relate to African-American tradition. A. Contemporary Stereotypes *B. Contemporized-Themes C. Cultural Themes D. Thematic Subjects Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2, 3.3 37. In the ________ level, there's a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young individual redirects these urges to other, extra socially acceptable companions (who frequently resemble the other-sex guardian). A. anal *B. genital C. oral D. phallic Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.1 38. Karen Horney suggested techniques in which people most often cope with day-to-day problems. According to Horney, those strategies could ________ if used rigidly and compulsively. *A. become neurotic methods B. lose their effectiveness C. result in a whole psychological breakdown D. lead to obsessive-compulsive behavior Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2 Page 9 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality 39. Ingrid is energized by way of being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids attention. Carl Jung would name her a(an) ________. A. extrovert B. humanist *C. introvert D. neo-Freudian Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.2 40. Immanuel Kant used the phrases chronic, steadfast, and calm to describe a ________ particular person. A. choleric B. melancholic *C. phlegmatic D. sanguine Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2 41. Eli seeks consideration, acts first while pondering later, and prefers verbal communique. Carl Jung would describe him as a(an) ________. A. archetype *B. extrovert C. introvert D. neurotic Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2 42. Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed other folks as having two specific personality dimensions: ________. *A. extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability B. extroversion/balance; introversion/neuroticism C. phlegmatic/choleric; sanguine/melancholic D. phlegmatic/melancholic; choleric/sanguine Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 43. What is the developmental activity of Erik Erikson's second stage of psychosexual building, in which a sense of independence in many duties develops? Page 10 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality *A. autonomy vs. disgrace/doubt B. trade vs. inferiority C. integrity vs. melancholy D. agree with vs. distrust Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2 44. Many cultures have tales about a hero who goes on a quest, comparable to Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified? *A. archetype B. identification C. character D. unconscious anxiousness Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2 45. What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's 7th degree of psychosocial building, in which folks contribute to society and focus on being a part of a circle of relatives? *A. generativity vs. stagnation B. initiative vs. guilt C. intimacy vs. isolation D. believe vs. mistrust Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2 46. Max's conduct and self-presentation is comfy and informal along with his pals. When he is going on a role interview he initiatives professionalism and ritual together with his attire and language. What would Carl Jung counsel about Max? *A. Max adopted a qualified character for his task interview. B. Max has an Oedipus complicated. C. Max is an archetype. D. Max is an introvert. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2 47. What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's eighth level of psychosocial construction, in which an individual assesses and is sensible of her life and the which means of her contributions? Page 11 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality A. autonomy vs. shame/doubt B. generativity vs. stagnation C. id vs. confusion *D. integrity vs. depression Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 48. When Imogene feels anxiousness, she clings to her mother and father for affection and reassurance. What coping strategy is Imogene using? A. shifting against other people *B. transferring towards people C. reaction formation D. repression Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.4 49. In Carl Jung's view, the activity of integrating subconscious archetypal facets of the self is part of ________ in the 2d half of life. A. maintaining the sexual identification B. resolving the Electra complex C. searching for certain attention *D. the self-realization procedure Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 50. When Marcos is sad, he's mean to other kids; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He continuously manipulates his friends into doing what he wants. What coping technique is Marcos the usage of? A. detachment B. extroversion *C. transferring in opposition to other folks D. transferring with other people Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.5 51. Cognitive processes refer to all traits in the past learned: ________. A. archetypes and personas *B. beliefs and expectations Page 12 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality C. defense mechanisms and coping strategies D. myths, legends, and tales Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 52. When Fay feels apprehensive, she retreats to her closet with a flashlight, the use of the closet as a personal hideaway. What coping strategy is Fay using? *A. shifting away from other folks B. shifting toward people C. regression D. sublimation Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2 53. In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, habits refers to ________. A. actions that don't seem to be internally motivated *B. the rest an individual does that may be punished or rewarded C. reactions which might be externally motivated D. explicit movements that result in reactions Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 54. Tammy has a positive view of demanding situations: She perspectives them as duties to be mastered. She develops a deep pastime in and a strong commitment to turning into a good teacher. When she doesn't cross her first educating praxis, she briefly recovers and works to conquer the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________. A. healthy cognitive processes *B. high self-efficacy C. low self-efficacy D. moderate reciprocal determinism Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2 55. Dan avoids making use of to school because he doubts he can be triumphant. He is working a retail process, however he has a tendency to center of attention on the issues he does fallacious. In reality, he has nearly no confidence in his abilities, and when he studies a setback at paintings he's able to give up. Albert Bandura would say Dan has ________. *A. low self-efficacy Page 13 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality B. malfunctioning cognitive processes C. no context D. vicarious learning Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2 56. Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school as a result of she works arduous, earned a spot on the basketball team because she practices continuously, and cooks nicely because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________. A. an external locus on keep an eye on *B. an interior locus of regulate C. good self-regulation D. deficient self-regulation Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2 57. Kim believed he failed his math magnificence as a result of the take a look at was too onerous, handed his psychology magnificence because the professor handed each and every student in the class, and didn't get the internship as a result of the manager didn't like him. Julian Rotter would say that Kim has ________. A. a dependent personality *B. an external locus of keep watch over C. an interior locus of control D. low self-efficacy Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 58. According to Abraham Maslow, the perfect need is ________. A. nice parenting B. love *C. self-actualization D. self-efficacy Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 59. How can folks lend a hand their children reach prime congruence? A. forcing them to be impartial *B. giving them unconditional love C. not permitting them to use their protection mechanisms Page 14 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality D. declaring their mistakes Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1 60. As the "3rd power" in psychology, ________ is touted as a reaction each to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and to the behaviorists' view of people passively reacting to the atmosphere. A. biological determinism B. feminism *C. humanism D. social cognition theory Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 61. Which of the following isn't a way we tend to assume of personality? Our personalities ________. *A. are mutable B. don't seem to be easy to change C. are strong D. exist over a long term Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1 62. What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Hippocrates theorized phlegmatic, the personality trait, was related to black bile from the kidneys. A. The identify "Hippocrates" should be modified to the identify "Galen." *B. The phrase "black bile from the kidneys" must be changed to the phrase "white phlegm from the lungs." C. The word "personality" will have to be changed to the phrase "temperament." D. The phrase "phlegmatic" will have to be changed to the phrase "choleric." Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 63. What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians? *A. Neo-Freudians lowered the emphasis on sex. B. Neo-Freudians theorized about personality whilst Sigmund Freud did not. C. Sigmund Freud did not emphasize adolescence sexuality while the neo-Freudians did. D. Sigmund Freud was a feminist while the neo-Freudians were not. Page 15 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 64. Why was Sigmund Freud educated as a clinical physician and no longer a psychologist? A. He tried to turn into a psychologist, however he could not pass the required exams. B. He attempted to change into a psychologist, however no college would admit a Jewish scholar. C. His theories were too radical, so he skilled as a physician to give himself creditability. *D. There was no such factor as a point in psychology when he won his education. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2 65. What must be changed to make the following sentence true? According to Sigmund Freud, subconscious drives influenced via sex and aggression and early life socialization are the forces that affect our personality. A. The title "Sigmund Freud" must be modified to the title "Carl Jung." B. The phrase "personality" will have to be changed to the phrase "real self." *C. The word "socialization" should be changed to the word "sexuality." D. The word "subconscious" will have to be changed to the phrase "wide awake." Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 66. Which of the following clearly influenced Sigmund Freud's theory of construction? *A. local weather of sexual repression B. first wave feminism C. government censorship D. fashionable anti-Semitism Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2 67. Which of the following theorists isn't neo-Freudian? *A. Albert Bandura B. Carl Jung C. Erik Erikson D. Karen Horney Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2 68. Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory? Page 16 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality A. advocating for analytical psychology *B. suggesting that our delivery order shapes our personality C. the idea that males have womb envy D. the theory that our personality develops in psychosocial levels Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 69. What was the main concept behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial building? *A. An individual's personality develops right through the lifespan. B. An particular person's personality is decided in adolescence. C. Individuals are either introverts or extroverts. D. The Electra advanced caused ladies to be neurotic. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 70. According to Carl Jung, which of the following perfect served the function of self-realization? A. ability of the extrovert to develop into an introvert in the 2nd part of existence B. skill of the introvert to develop into an extrovert in the 2d part of lifestyles *C. stability between extroversion and introversion D. transferring previous the archetypes of the collective unconscious Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 71. Karen Horney described three coping kinds when dealing with nervousness. Which of the following isn't one of them? A. shifting towards folks B. shifting clear of folks C. moving toward folks *D. moving with other people Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 72. What is the benefit of applying studying approaches to the study of personality? A. They are feminist. B. They are multicultural. *C. They can also be scientifically tested. D. They use animal analysis. Page 17 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.4 73. What was the number one discovering of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart? A. Fraternal twins have very identical personalities whether or not raised together or apart. B. Identical twins have very similar personality when raised in combination, however now not when raised apart. *C. Identical twins, whether raised in combination or apart, have very equivalent personalities. D. Twins of any sort have very equivalent personalities, regardless of where they are raised. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2 74. What is the main thought of the behavioral point of view on personality? A. Personality is formed solely in youth. B. Personality is considerably shaped by the biology of the organism. *C. Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism. D. Personality theory will have to be based on social health. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 75. Which of the following is not phase of Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory? A. commentary finding out *B. response formation C. reciprocal determinism D. self-efficacy Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 76. Which observation summarizes the main thought of reciprocal determinism? A. Emotions are cognitive processes with behavioral antecedents. B. How we deal with anxiousness displays our personality. *C. Our conduct, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each and every different. D. Our protection mechanisms are shaped in early life. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 77. How are the principles of reciprocal determinism present in observational studying? Page 18 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality A. An person's conduct is made up our minds via the environment. B. Cognitive processes depend on imitation. *C. Personal factors determine which behaviors in the setting an individual chooses to imitate. D. The surroundings determines which non-public factors a person chooses to apply. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2 78. Which question was central to the marshmallow test? A. Do you suppose you'll want to accomplish good things even when the fates are towards you? B. Is your life more like a marshmallow or extra like a rock? *C. Would you be in a position to face up to getting a small reward now so as to get a larger praise later? D. Would you make the identical decisions your parent would make? Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 2.4 79. Which of the following isn't one thing the theories of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow have in not unusual? A. Both theories are humanistic. B. Both theories focus on particular person choices. *C. Both theories center of attention on the personality formed in infancy. D. Both theories reject organic determinism. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2 80. What must be changed to make the following sentence true? Research means that there are two dimensions of our temperament which are necessary parts of our grownup personality: interactivity and self-regulation. *A. The word "interactivity" must be changed to the word "reactivity." B. The word "personality" must be modified to the word "self." C. The phrase "self-regulation" will have to be modified to the phrase "reactivity." D. The phrase "temperament" must be changed to the word "personality." Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2 Short Answer 81. Discuss the history of phrenology. Page 19 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality Sample Answer: In 1780, Franz Gall, a German physician, proposed phrenology, the idea that the distances between bumps on the cranium expose an individual's personality traits, character, and psychological abilities. According to Gall, measuring these distances printed the sizes of the brain spaces underneath, offering information which may be used to decide whether a person was pleasant, prideful, murderous, kind, nice with languages, and so forth. Initially, phrenology was very talked-about; however, it was quickly discredited for lack of empirical support and has long been relegated to the standing of pseudoscience. Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5, 4.1 82. According to Alfred Adler, what are the three elementary social tasks that all of us will have to revel in? Sample Answer: Alfred Adler identified three basic social tasks that each one of us should revel in: occupational tasks (careers), societal duties (friendship), and love tasks (finding an intimate partner for a long-term dating). Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2, 4.1 83. What is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)? Sample Answer: The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a questionnaire that determines a particular person's degree of introversion as opposed to extroversion, thinking versus feeling, intuition as opposed to sensation, and judging as opposed to perceiving. Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted sorts serves as a foundation of the MBTI. Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.2, 2.4, 4.1 84. Explain William H. Sheldon's now largely discredited concepts about the affect of frame varieties on personality. Sample Answer: According to William H. Sheldon, the ectomorph personality is worried, selfconscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and personal. They revel in intellectual stimulation and really feel uncomfortable in social situations. Endomorphs are the opposite of ectomorphs. Endomorphs have slender shoulders and huge hips, and carry further fat on their round our bodies. Sheldon described endomorphs as being at ease, comfy, good-humored, even-tempered, sociable, and tolerant. Endomorphs experience affection and loathe disapproval. The third somatotype is the mesomorph. Mesomorphs have massive bone construction, well-defined muscle tissues, broad shoulders, slim waists, and attractive, strong bodies. According to Sheldon, mesomorphs are adventurous, assertive, aggressive, and fearless. They are curious and experience trying new things, but may also be obnoxious and competitive. Difficulty: Easy Page 20 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5, 4.1 85. Explain the difference between cardinal, central, and secondary traits according to Gordon Allport. Sample Answer: A cardinal trait is one that dominates our whole personality and lifestyles. Central traits are those that make up our personalities (e.g., loyal, sort, agreeable, friendly, sneaky, wild, and grouchy). Secondary characteristics are those who aren't rather as obtrusive or as constant as central traits. They are present under particular instances and include personal tastes and attitudes. Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2, 4.1 86. What did Raymond Cattell contribute to trait theory? Sample Answer: Raymond Cattell recognized 16 elements or dimensions of personality: heat, reasoning, emotional stability, dominance, liveliness, rule-consciousness, social boldness, sensitivity, vigilance, abstractedness, privateness, apprehension, openness to exchange, selfreliance, perfectionism, and rigidity. He evolved a personality overview in response to those 16 factors, referred to as the 16PF. Instead of a trait being present or absent, every dimension is scored over a continuum, from high to low. For instance, your degree of warmth describes how warm, caring, and nice you are. If you ranking low on this index, you generally tend to be extra far-off and cold. A high ranking on this index signifies you might be supportive and comforting. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2, 4.1 87. Discuss the case of Anna O. What was her connection to Sigmund Freud? Sample Answer: Sigmund Freud labored with Josef Breuer, a Viennese physician. During this time, Freud changed into intrigued by means of the story of one of Breuer's patients, who was referred to through the pseudonym Anna O. Anna O. had been taking good care of her demise father when she began to experience symptoms akin to partial paralysis, headaches, blurred vision, amnesia, and hallucinations. In Freud's day, those signs had been repeatedly referred to as hysteria. Anna O. turned to Breuer for help. He spent 2 years (1880–1882) treating Anna O. and discovered that permitting her to communicate about her reviews appeared to deliver some aid of her symptoms. Anna O. called his treatment the speaking remedy. Despite the fact the Freud by no means met Anna O., her tale served as the basis for the 1895 guide, Studies on Hysteria, which he co-authored with Breuer. Based on Breuer's description of Anna O.'s treatment, Freud concluded that hysteria was the outcome of sexual abuse in childhood and that those aggravating stories have been hidden from awareness. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2, 4.1 88. How do the identification, ego, and superego combine to shape personality? Page 21 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality Sample Answer: According to Sigmund Freud, our personality develops from a war between two forces: our biological aggressive and pleasure-seeking drives versus our interior (socialized) control over these drives. Our personality is the outcome of our efforts to steadiness those two competing forces. Freud urged that we will perceive this via imagining three interacting programs inside of our minds. He known as them the id, ego, and superego. The process of the ego, or self, is to balance the competitive/pleasure-seeking drives of the identity with the moral keep watch over of the superego. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1 89. Compare and contrast projection and sublimation. Sample Answer: Both projection and sublimation are Freudian protection mechanisms. In projection, a person refuses to acknowledge her own subconscious feelings and instead sees the ones feelings in someone else. In sublimation, unacceptable desires are redirected through socially acceptable channels. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1 90. Define and exemplify response formation. Sample Answer: A Freudian protection mechanism, response formation is when one expresses feelings, thoughts, and behaviors contrary to their dispositions. For example, a soccer player, Joe, with a same-sex orientation that thinks his friends and family will reject him if he comes out would possibly to find himself making gay jokes and selecting on a college peer who's homosexual. This manner, Joe's unconscious impulses are additional submerged and his ego is secure. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1 91. Explain the Oedipus complicated. When does it expand? What will resolve it? Sample Answer: Sigmund Freud's third stage of psychosexual construction is the phallic stage (3–6 years), corresponding to the age when kids change into conscious of their our bodies and recognize the variations between boys and girls. Conflict arises when the child feels a need for the opposite-sex mum or dad and jealousy and hatred toward the same-sex dad or mum. For boys, this is known as the Oedipus complex, involving a boy's need for his mother and his urge to replace his father who is noticed as a rival for the mother's attention. At the same time, the boy is afraid his father will punish him for his feelings, so he stories castration anxiety. The Oedipus complicated is successfully resolved when the boy begins to identify together with his father as an oblique means to have the mother. Failure to resolve the Oedipus complex would possibly lead to fixation and building of a personality that might be described as vain and overly formidable. Page 22 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1 92. Compare and contrast the theories of Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler. Sample Answer: Alfred Adler was a neo-Freudian, so his theories about personality development are comparable to the work of Sigmund Freud. Adler believed in the significance of social connections, seeing formative years construction emerging via social building reasonably than the sexual stages Freud defined. Adler's concepts about inferiority represent a big difference between his pondering and Freud's. Freud believed that we're motivated through sexual and competitive urges, but Adler believed that feelings of inferiority in early life are what drive people to strive to achieve superiority and that this striving is the force in the back of all of our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2, 4.1 93. What effect did Alfred Adler counsel delivery order had on personality? Sample Answer: Alfred Adler proposed that older siblings, who get started out as the center of attention of their folks' consideration however will have to proportion that focus once a new child joins the family, compensate by way of turning into overachievers. The youngest kids, in accordance to Adler, may be spoiled, leaving the middle kid with the opportunity to decrease the detrimental dynamics of the youngest and oldest kids. Despite common attention, research has not conclusively showed Adler's hypotheses about start order. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1 94. What is the main focus of Carl Jung's analytical psychology? Sample Answer: The focal point of analytical psychology is operating to balance opposing forces of wakeful thought, subconscious thought, and experience inside one's personality. According to Carl Jung, this paintings is a continual finding out procedure of turning into mindful of subconscious parts and integrating them into consciousness (principally going on in the 2d part of life). Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2, 4.1 95. Explain the collective unconscious. Sample Answer: The collective subconscious is a common model of the personal unconscious, protecting mental patterns, or reminiscence lines, which are common to all of us. These ancestral recollections, which Carl Jung called archetypes, are represented by common subject matters in quite a lot of cultures, as expressed via literature, art, and dreams. Jung stated that those themes reflect common studies of other people the international over, equivalent to going through loss of life, changing into unbiased, and Page 23 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality striving for mastery. Jung believed that via biology, each and every individual is handed down the similar themes and that the similar types of symbols—hero, maiden, sage, and trickster—are found in the folklore and fairy tales of each and every culture. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2, 4.1 96. Compare and distinction the concepts of Sigmund Freud and B. F. Skinner. Sample Answer: Sigmund Freud believed that we're motivated by way of sexual and competitive urges and that our personality is formed in adolescence on my own. B. F. Skinner proposed that we demonstrate consistent habits patterns as a result of we've got advanced sure reaction inclinations. In different phrases, we be told to behave specifically tactics. We increase the behaviors that lead to positive penalties, and we lower the behaviors that lead to detrimental penalties. Skinner disagreed with Freud's concept that personality is fixed in childhood. He argued that personality develops over our entire life, not most effective in the first few years. Our responses can change as we come across new scenarios; subsequently, we will be able to expect more variability through the years in personality than Freud would await. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2, 4.1 97. Compare and contrast the concepts of B.F Skinner and Albert Bandura. Sample Answer: Albert Bandura agreed with B. F. Skinner that personality develops via studying. He disagreed, however, with Skinner's strict behaviorist way to personality development, because he felt that considering and reasoning are vital parts of finding out. He presented a social-cognitive theory of personality that emphasizes each studying and cognition as assets of individual variations in personality, in contrast to Skinner's theory, which emphasized studying by myself. In social-cognitive theory, the ideas of reciprocal determinism, observational learning, and self-efficacy all play a component in personality development. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2, 4.1 98. Provide a real-life example for the 3 aspects of reciprocal determinism. Sample Answer: An instance of reciprocal determinism can involve a call anyone makes. Think of being at a festival and one of the attractions is bungee leaping from a bridge. Do you do it? In this example, the habits is bungee jumping. Cognitive elements that would possibly influence this habits include your ideals, values, and past studies. Finally, context refers to the praise structure for the behavior. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 4.1 Page 24 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality 99. Explain the significance of observational learning with Albert Bandura's theory. Sample Answer: Albert Bandura's key contribution to learning theory was the concept that a lot of studying is vicarious. We be informed by way of watching any person else's conduct and its consequences, which Bandura known as observational finding out. He felt that this kind of studying additionally performs a part in the development of our personality. Just as we be told particular person behaviors, we also learn new habits patterns after we see them performed by people or models. Drawing on the behaviorists' concepts about reinforcement, Bandura prompt that whether or not we make a selection to imitate a fashion's habits depends on whether or not we see the type reinforced or punished. Through observational studying, we come to be informed what behaviors are applicable and rewarded in our tradition, and we also learn to inhibit deviant or socially unacceptable behaviors by means of seeing what behaviors are punished. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2, 4.1 100. What did Abraham Maslow find relating to the folks he studied? Sample Answer: Abraham Maslow, a humanist, studied people who he thought to be to be wholesome, inventive, and productive, together with Albert Einstein, Eleanor Roosevelt, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and others. Maslow discovered that such other folks proportion an identical characteristics, such as being open, ingenious, loving, spontaneous, compassionate, involved for others, and accepting of themselves. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2, 4.1 101. How is congruence other from incongruence? Sample Answer: We revel in congruence when our ideas about our genuine self and excellent self are very similar—in other words, when our self-concept is accurate. High congruence leads to a higher sense of self worth and a wholesome, productive existence. Conversely, when there's a nice discrepancy between our supreme and exact selves, we enjoy a state Carl Rogers known as incongruence, which can lead to maladjustment. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 4.1 102. What does analysis recommend regarding the Five Factor Model? Sample Answer: Researchers have discovered that conscientiousness will increase thru younger maturity into middle age, as we transform higher able to set up our personal relationships and careers. Agreeableness additionally increases with age, peaking between 50 and 70 years. Neuroticism and extroversion generally tend to decline slightly with age. Additionally, The Big Five characteristics have been shown to exist across ethnicities, cultures, and ages, and so they could have substantial organic and genetic elements. Page 25 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2, 4.1 103. Identify a criticism of classic Jungian theory. Sample Answer: Carl Jung proposed that human responses to archetypes are equivalent to instinctual responses in animals. One complaint of Jung is that there's no evidence that archetypes are biologically based totally or equivalent to natural instincts. Jung formulated his ideas about A hundred years ago, and great advances were made in the box of genetics since that point. We've found that human small children are born with positive capacities, including the talent to gain language. However, we've additionally discovered that symbolic knowledge (akin to archetypes) is not encoded on the genome and that young children cannot decode symbolism, refuting the thought of a organic basis to archetypes. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2, 2.4, 4.1 104. What does analysis recommend about folks with an inner locus of control? Sample Answer: Research has found that folks with an internal locus of control carry out better academically, succeed in more in their careers, are more unbiased, are healthier, are higher able to cope, and are much less depressed than individuals who have an external locus of regulate. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2, 4.1 105. What did Walter Mischel in finding when he when compared the effects of the marshmallow check to the outcomes of the individuals years later? Sample Answer: Walter Mischel and his colleagues positioned a preschool kid in a room with one marshmallow on the table. The kid was informed that he may either consume the marshmallow now, or he may just wait till the researcher returned to the room and then he will have two marshmallows. This was repeated with masses of preschoolers. What Mischel and his group discovered was that young children vary in their level of self-discipline. Mischel and his colleagues endured to observe this team of preschoolers thru high school, and the kids who waited for the bigger reward had been more a success in high school: They had upper SAT scores, had certain peer relationships, and were less likely to have substance abuse issues. As adults, they additionally had extra strong marriages. On the different hand, those children who grabbed the one marshmallow weren't as a hit in high school, they usually had been found to have academic and behavioral problems. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.2, 2.2, 2.4, 4.1 Page 26 of 27 OpenStax Psychology Test Bank Chapter 11: Personality 106. What is the focal point of humanism? What are some humanistic criticisms of different psychological views? Sample Answer: Humanism specializes in how wholesome folks broaden. As the third power in psychology, humanism is touted as a response both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis, with its emphasis on psychological disturbance, and to the behaviorists' view of humans passively reacting to the surroundings, which has been criticized as making other people out to be personality-less robots. It does now not recommend that psychoanalytic, behaviorist, and different issues of view are improper, but it argues that these perspectives don't recognize the intensity and that means of human experience and fail to acknowledge the innate capability for self-directed trade and transforming non-public experiences. Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 2.2, 2.5, 4.1 Essay 107. Which theory of personality makes the maximum sense to you? Why? Difficulty: Easy APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1 108. What demanding situations do you assume Karen Horney experienced as the first lady trained as a Freudian psychoanalyst? Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.2, 2.5, 4.1 109. Discuss the ways in which your genuine self is other out of your ideally suited self. Difficulty: Moderate APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1 110. Is the personality you display in social media different from the personality you show in particular person? Difficulty: Difficult APA Standard: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 4.1 Copyright 2015, Rice University. All Rights Reserved. Page 27 of 27